![]() The Sociolinguistic Criterion requires that the machine be perceived by society as a potentially intelligent entity. ![]() The Technological Criterion requires that the machine’s structure enables it to imitate the human brain so well that it displays intelligent-like behavior the Imitation Game tests if this Technological Criterion was fulfilled. He conditioned the determination that a machine is intelligent upon two criteria: one technological and one sociolinguistic. Turing, I argue, held an externalist-like view of intelligence, according to which an entity’s being intelligent is dependent not just on its functions and internal structure, but also on the way it is perceived by society. Turing’s Imitation Game (1950) is usually understood to be a test for machines’ intelligence I offer an alternative interpretation. While existing programs have other significant shortcomings, it may be that the biggest hurdle in developing computer programs which can successfully carry out conversations will be modeling the ability to 'cooperate'. Pragmatics constitutes a serious challenge to computational linguistics. On the other hand, studying human-computer communication may require some modifications of existing frameworks in pragmatics because of certain characteristics of these conversational environments. The results indicate that Grice's cooperative principle is at work during conversations with computers. ![]() Based on conversation analysis and a large survey, we found that different maxims have different effects when violated, but more often than not, when computers violate the maxims, they reveal their identity. We carried out an empirical study exploring the relationship between computers' violations of Grice's cooperative principle and conversational maxims, and their success in imitating human language use. The Turing Test posits that to be granted intelligence, a computer should imitate human conversational behavior so well as to be indistinguishable from a real human being. This paper provides a pragmatic analysis of some human-computer conversations carried out during the past six years within the context of the Loebner Prize Contest, an annual competition in which computers participate in Turing Tests.
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